Also Try Business Business Ethics Lists Campaign Contributions and Voting Records (Ewall) Provides sources of information to check the relationship between voting records of legislators and corporate contributions. 7-02 Corporate Control of Mass Media (Corporations.org - Media Reform Information Center) Contends that six corporations control almost all of the mass media in the USA. 7-02 Corporate Values Versus Public Interest (Corporations.org) Provides articles on corporate power and how it affects citizens in the USA. 7-02 Corporate Welfare (Corporations.org) " 'The $150 billion for corporate subsidies and tax benefits eclipses the annual budget deficit of $130 billion. It's more than the $145 billion paid out annually for the core programs of the social welfare state: Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), student aid, housing, food and nutrition, and all direct public assistance (excluding Social Security and medical care).' " 7-02 Globalization Issues (Awesome Library) Provides sources that discuss the pros and cons of globalization and "Americanization." 8-02 Papers Corporate Charters - Limitations of the Past (Grossman and Adams) Discusses how in the past the charters of corporations were routinely revoked for actions that were not consistent with social responsibility. "In 19th-century America, many citizens believed that it was society's inalienable right to abolish an evil. The penalty for abuse or misuse of corporate charters, therefore, was not simply a plea bargain or corporate fine, as in International Paper's case. It was revocation of the charter and dissolution of the corporation."  "For 100 years after the signing of the Declaration of Independence, citizen vigilance and activism forced legislators to keep corporations on a short civic leash." "Citizens governed corporations by specifying rules and operating conditions -- not just in the charters, but also in state constitutions and laws. Incorporated businesses were banned from taking any action that citizens and legislators did not specifically allow."  "Many colonial citizens argued that under the Constitution, no business could be granted special privileges. Others worded that once incorporators amassed wealth, they would use their corporate shields to control jobs and production, buy off the press and dominate elections and the courts." However, in 1886 the U.S. Supreme Court granted corporations the same rights and protections as individual persons. "Within just a few decades, appointed judges had redefined the 'common good' to mean the corporate use of humans and the Earth for maximum production and profit -- no matter what was manufactured, who was hurt or what was destroyed. Corporations had obtained control over resources, production, commerce, jobs, politicians, judges and the law. Workers, citizens, cities, towns, states and nature were left with fewer and fewer rights that corporations were forced to respect." "By rewriting the [state] laws governing corporations, we citizens can reassert the convictions of the people who struggled to resist corporate rule in the past." 7-02 Corporate Charters - Revoking Plutocracy (Grossman and Adams) Suggests eleven actions for ending the rule of corporations over democratic processes. 7-02 Corporate Values Versus Democratic Values (Business Ethics Magazine) "Civilization has crossed a great divide in history, from monarchy to democracy. But we have democratized only government, not economics. Property bias keeps our corporate worldview rooted in the predemocratic age. To change this, we begin by seeing it." 7-02 Corporate Values Versus Public Interest (Business Ethics Magazine) Recommends adding a "Code for Corporate Citizenship" to state laws that govern the purposes--and liabilities--of corporations. In addition to directors and officers of corporations having a duty to make money for shareholders, Hinkley recommends adding: "but not at the expense of the environment, human rights, the public safety, the communities in which the corporation operates or the dignity of its employees."  "Companies believe their duty to the public interest consists of complying with the law. Obeying the law is simply a cost. Since it interferes with making money, it must be minimized–using devices like lobbying, legal hairsplitting, and jurisdiction shopping. Directors and officers give little thought to the fact that these activities may damage the public interest." "Because the public creates the law, corporations owe their existence as much to the public as they do to shareholders. They should have obligations to both. It simply makes no sense that society's most powerful citizens have no concern for the public good." 7-02 Corporate Values Versus Public Interest - Review of Divine Right of Capital (Business Ethics Magazine) "I have been aware that democracy does not exist within corporations, which I have simply accepted without reflecting on what that means for the functioning of our whole society. Kelly calls attention to the fact that corporations are aristocratic and NOT democratic, therefore, though our lives are guided by a democratic political system, even more importantly they are guided by an aristocratic economic system. Further, our society has become that way as a result of laws (and judicial interpretations) and not as result of democratic process." "The pre-revolutionary view was that King George III had a divine right to reign over (control) all the people of 'his' colonies. The view of our times, which is analogous to the pre-revolutionary assumption about the King’s divine right, is that stockholders have a right to rule over 'their' employees and 'their' corporations." 7-02 Enron - Confidentiality of Advisory Meetings and the Constitution (U.S. House of Representatives) Argues that the Government Accounting Office (GAO), an arm of Congress, has the authority to request records from the White House regarding policy task forces in which lobbyists were allowed to participate. Part of Congress's oversight responsibility includes preventing the executive branch of government from allowing lobbyists too much influence over government policies. Vice President Chaney counters that '...I'm a constitutional officer. And the authority of the GAO does not extend in that case to my office.' The letter from members of Congress does not agree. It states that "Under 31 U.S.C. sec.712, GAO is an extension of Congress and has authority to investigate 'all matters related to ...the use of public money.' " Congress is investigating whether the White House allowed Enron lobbyists to shape national energy policy. Uses PDF format. 2-02 Enron - Government Accounting Office Sues the White House (CBS News) Describes Government Accounting Office's efforts to gain records from the White House for information related to the energy task force. This is the first time that the GAO has sued the White House to gain information from the executive branch of government. "The GAO has forced a showdown with the executive branch in disputes over gathering information just four other times in the past 21 years. In two of those instances, the incumbent administration supplied the information." The GAO operates on behalf of the U.S. Congress to ensure that the executive branch spends public funds properly. 2-02 Enron - Government Accounting Office Sues the White House (MSNBC - Curry) Describes the reason that the Government Accounting Office (GAO) is suing the White House for information related to the energy task force that Vice President Dick Cheney chairs. "The lawsuit will be the GAO’s first against part of the federal government to get documents it wants." The GAO operates on behalf of the U.S. Congress to ensure that the executive branch spends public funds properly. 2-02 Enron Energy Company Met With Cheney (Houston Chronicle - Ivanovich) Mentions meetings between Vice President Dick Cheney and Enron Executives that may have influenced the Bush administration's national energy strategy. The meeting on April 17 "was at a time when Cheney was busy crafting the administration's national energy strategy and California regulators were battling with Enron and other independent power producers over that state's electricity woes." 1-02 Financing Behind Corporate Water (TomPaine.com) Discusses global trend toward corporate ownership of water supplies. 7-02 Granting Corporations Personhood (Grossman and Adams) Discusses the U.S. Supreme Court decision of 1886, Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad, that first granted corporations the same rights as an individual citizen. The Supreme Court stated that: "The court does not wish to hear argument on the question whether the provision in the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which forbids a State to deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws, applies to these corporations. We are all of opinion that it does." "Thus it was that a two-sentence assertion by a single judge elevated corporations to the status of persons under the law, prepared the way for the rise of global corporate rule, and thereby changed the course of history." 7-02 Poll - Views on the Causes of Corporate Abuse (Washington Post - Morin and Deane) Summarizes results of a study on views of corporate abuse. 7-02 President Bush's Speech Against Business Crime (CBS News - Bush) Provides the text of President Bush's speech, given July 8th, 2002. 7-02 Reforming Corporate Governance (Business Ethics Magazine - Kelly) "Post-Enron, it’s clear that pursuit of profits must stay within ethical bounds, and that executives and shareholders may not enrich themselves by extorting the public or employees.'' "While most proposals for reform today merely tinker at the margins, some get to the heart of the matter. Below are four of the best." 7-02 Silent Takeover (Observer - Hertz) "This is the world of the Silent Takeover, a world in which governments can no longer be relied on to protect the people's interests. Blinded by the allure of the market, they now put corporate interests first." "Despite the roles corporations are beginning to play in the social sphere, despite the fact that they may be able to play some role in alleviating poverty and inequity and protecting the environment, social investment and social justice will never become their core activity. Their contribution to society's needs will always remain at the margins. Corporate social responsibility cannot be thought of as a reasonable proxy for state responsibility." 6-02 Silent Takeover - A Review (Amazon.com - Bollen) "Did you know that of the world's largest economies, 51 are now corporations and only 49 are nation-states? You do now." 6-02 Wealth and Democracy (Los Angeles Times - Kennedy) Reviews the book, Wealth and Democracy, by Kevin Phillips. Discusses the gap between the wealthy and rest of us and the consequences on democracy. Phillips summarizes the position of Republican president Theodore Roosevelt, with "...too much wealth in the hands of a small minority is not only offensive to the American sense of fairness, it is dangerous to the republic itself. Excess money, in this view, purchases special privileges, corrupts low-paid officials and distorts the electoral will. In a narrower sense, it is also dangerous to the Republican Party, which brings us back to where Phillips started off his long career." 7-02 Purchase Resources Wealth and Democracy (Amazon.com - Phillips) Provides a controversial book which warns against too much concentration of wealth in a few, resulting in corruption of the democratic process. According to reviewer, McNamee, "Most American conservatives take it as an article of faith that the less governmental involvement in affairs of the market and pocketbook the better. The rich do not, whatever they might say--for much of their wealth comes from the 'power and preferment of government.' So writes Kevin Phillips, the accomplished historian and one-time Washington insider, in this extraordinary survey of plutocracy, excess, and reform." 7-02

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